Section 4: Create the Event Sourced Cart entity

Language

Next, we will create the Cart entity that manages the state for each shopping cart. The architectural overview shows how the entity is related to the Cart service. The Cart entity will use Event Sourcing to persist events that capture changes to the Cart’s state. The entity writes events to the event journal, which we will use later to create projections:

For now, we’ll implement the command to add items to the Cart. In the next part of the tutorial, we will expand it to handle more commands and events. On this page you will learn how to:

implement an Event Sourced entity
unit test the entity
distribute the entities over the nodes in the Akka Cluster
send requests from the gRPC service implementation to the entities

If you are unfamiliar with Event Sourcing, refer to the Event Sourcing section for an explanation. The Event Sourcing with Akka 2.6 video new tab is also a good starting point for learning Event Sourcing.

This example is using PostgreSQL for storing the events. An alternative is described in Use Cassandra instead of PostgreSQL.

Source downloads

If you prefer to simply view and run the example, download a zip file containing the completed code:

Java

Source that includes all previous tutorial steps and allows you to start with the steps on this page.
Source with the steps on this page completed.

Scala

Source that includes all previous tutorial steps and allows you to start with the steps on this page.
Source with the steps on this page completed.

1. Add commands and events

Commands are the "external" API of an entity. Entity state can only be changed by commands. The results of commands are emitted as events. A command can request state changes, but different events might be generated depending on the current state of the entity. A command can also be validated and be rejected if it has invalid input or can’t be handled by current state of the entity.

To add a command and an event, follow these steps:

Define a ShoppingCart object and the AddItem command: Define a ShoppingCart class extending EventSourcedBehaviorWithEnforcedReplies and the AddItem command:

Java

src/main/java/shopping/cart/ShoppingCart.java:

package shopping.cart;

import akka.actor.typed.ActorRef;
import akka.actor.typed.ActorSystem;
import akka.actor.typed.Behavior;
import akka.actor.typed.SupervisorStrategy;
import akka.actor.typed.javadsl.Behaviors;
import akka.cluster.sharding.typed.javadsl.ClusterSharding;
import akka.cluster.sharding.typed.javadsl.Entity;
import akka.cluster.sharding.typed.javadsl.EntityTypeKey;
import akka.pattern.StatusReply;
import akka.persistence.typed.PersistenceId;
import akka.persistence.typed.javadsl.*;
import akka.serialization.jackson.CborSerializable;
import java.time.Duration;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

public final class ShoppingCart
    extends EventSourcedBehaviorWithEnforcedReplies<
        ShoppingCart.Command, ShoppingCart.Event, ShoppingCart.State> {
  // ...
  public sealed interface Command extends CborSerializable {}

  /**
   * A command to add an item to the cart.
   *
   * <p>It replies with `StatusReply&lt;Summary&gt;`, which is sent back to the caller when all the
   * events emitted by this command are successfully persisted.
   */
  record AddItem(String itemId, int quantity, ActorRef<StatusReply<Summary>> replyTo)
      implements Command {}

  /** Summary of the shopping cart state, used in reply messages. */
  public record Summary(Map<String, Integer> items) implements CborSerializable {}

}

Scala

src/main/scala/shopping/cart/ShoppingCart.scala:

package shopping.cart

import akka.actor.typed.ActorRef
import akka.actor.typed.ActorSystem
import akka.actor.typed.Behavior
import akka.actor.typed.SupervisorStrategy
import akka.cluster.sharding.typed.scaladsl.ClusterSharding
import akka.cluster.sharding.typed.scaladsl.Entity
import akka.cluster.sharding.typed.scaladsl.EntityTypeKey
import akka.pattern.StatusReply
import akka.persistence.typed.PersistenceId
import akka.persistence.typed.scaladsl.Effect
import akka.persistence.typed.scaladsl.EventSourcedBehavior
import akka.persistence.typed.scaladsl.ReplyEffect
import akka.persistence.typed.scaladsl.RetentionCriteria
import akka.serialization.jackson.CborSerializable

import scala.concurrent.duration._

object ShoppingCart {

  /**
   * The current state held by the `EventSourcedBehavior`.
   */
  sealed trait Command extends CborSerializable

  /**
   * A command to add an item to the cart.
   *
   * It replies with `StatusReply[Summary]`, which is sent back to the caller when
   * all the events emitted by this command are successfully persisted.
   */
  final case class AddItem(
      itemId: String,
      quantity: Int,
      replyTo: ActorRef[StatusReply[Summary]])
      extends Command

  /**
   * Summary of the shopping cart state, used in reply messages.
   */
  final case class Summary(items: Map[String, Int]) extends CborSerializable
}

Add a corresponding ItemAdded event:

Java

src/main/java/shopping/cart/ShoppingCart.java

public final class ShoppingCart
    extends EventSourcedBehaviorWithEnforcedReplies<
        ShoppingCart.Command, ShoppingCart.Event, ShoppingCart.State> {
  // ...
  public sealed interface Event extends CborSerializable {
    String cartId();
  }

  record ItemAdded(String cartId, String itemId, int quantity) implements Event {}

}

Scala

src/main/scala/shopping/cart/ShoppingCart.scala

object ShoppingCart {

  /**
   * The current state held by the `EventSourcedBehavior`.
   */
  sealed trait Event extends CborSerializable {
    def cartId: String
  }

  final case class ItemAdded(cartId: String, itemId: String, quantity: Int)
      extends Event
}

2. Add state map

Items added to the Cart are added to a Map. The contents of the Map comprise the Cart’s state. Add the Map to the ShoppingCart object class as shown:

Java

src/main/java/shopping/cart/ShoppingCart.java

public final class ShoppingCart
    extends EventSourcedBehaviorWithEnforcedReplies<
        ShoppingCart.Command, ShoppingCart.Event, ShoppingCart.State> {
  // ...
  public record State(Map<String, Integer> items) implements CborSerializable {
    public State() {
      this(new HashMap<>());
    }

    public boolean hasItem(String itemId) {
      return items.containsKey(itemId);
    }

    public State updateItem(String itemId, int quantity) {
      Map<String, Integer> updatedItems = new HashMap<>(this.items);
      if (quantity == 0) {
        updatedItems.remove(itemId);
      } else {
        updatedItems.put(itemId, quantity);
      }
      return new State(updatedItems);
    }

    public Summary toSummary() {
      return new Summary(items);
    }

    public int itemCount(String itemId) {
      return items.get(itemId);
    }

    public boolean isEmpty() {
      return items.isEmpty();
    }
  }

}

Scala

src/main/scala/shopping/cart/ShoppingCart.scala

object ShoppingCart {

  /**
   * The current state held by the `EventSourcedBehavior`.
   */

  final case class State(items: Map[String, Int]) extends CborSerializable {

    def hasItem(itemId: String): Boolean =
      items.contains(itemId)

    def isEmpty: Boolean =
      items.isEmpty

    def updateItem(itemId: String, quantity: Int): State = {
      quantity match {
        case 0 => copy(items = items - itemId)
        case _ => copy(items = items + (itemId -> quantity))
      }
    }
  }
  object State {
    val empty =
      State(items = Map.empty)
  }
}

3. Implement a command handler

The Cart entity will receive commands that request changes to Cart state. We will implement a command handler to process these commands and emit a reply. Our business logic allows only items to be added which are not in the cart yet and require a positive quantity.

Implement the Event Sourced entity with the EventSourcedBehavior. Define the command handlers: Implement the commandHandler as required by EventSourcedBehaviorWithEnforcedReplies:

Java

src/main/java/shopping/cart/ShoppingCart.java

public final class ShoppingCart
    extends EventSourcedBehaviorWithEnforcedReplies<
        ShoppingCart.Command, ShoppingCart.Event, ShoppingCart.State> {
  // ...
  @Override
  public CommandHandlerWithReply<Command, Event, State> commandHandler() {
    CommandHandlerWithReplyBuilder<Command, Event, State> builder =
        newCommandHandlerWithReplyBuilder();
    builder.forAnyState().onCommand(AddItem.class, this::onAddItem); (1)
    return builder.build();
  }

  private ReplyEffect<Event, State> onAddItem(State state, AddItem cmd) {
    if (state.hasItem(cmd.itemId)) {
      return Effect()
          .reply(
              cmd.replyTo,
              StatusReply.error(
                  "Item '" + cmd.itemId + "' was already added to this shopping cart"));
    } else if (cmd.quantity <= 0) {
      return Effect().reply(cmd.replyTo, StatusReply.error("Quantity must be greater than zero"));
    } else {
      return Effect() (2)
          .persist(new ItemAdded(cartId, cmd.itemId, cmd.quantity))
          .thenReply(cmd.replyTo, updatedCart -> StatusReply.success(updatedCart.toSummary()));
    }
  }

}

1	Matching the `AddItem` command.
2	Persisting the `ItemAdded` event and replying to the sender.

Scala

src/main/scala/shopping/cart/ShoppingCart.scala

object ShoppingCart {

  /**
   * The current state held by the `EventSourcedBehavior`.
   */
  private def handleCommand(
      cartId: String,
      state: State,
      command: Command): ReplyEffect[Event, State] = {
    command match {
      case AddItem(itemId, quantity, replyTo) => (1)
        if (state.hasItem(itemId))
          Effect.reply(replyTo)(
            StatusReply.Error(
              s"Item '$itemId' was already added to this shopping cart"))
        else if (quantity <= 0)
          Effect.reply(replyTo)(
            StatusReply.Error("Quantity must be greater than zero"))
        else
          Effect
            .persist(ItemAdded(cartId, itemId, quantity)) (2)
            .thenReply(replyTo) { updatedCart =>
              StatusReply.Success(Summary(updatedCart.items))
            }
    }
  }
}

1	Matching the `AddItem` command.
2	Persisting the `ItemAdded` event and replying to the sender.

If an AddItem command is accepted, the Effect.persist applies an event to the cart’s state and makes sure this event is stored before replying to the command. The returned ReplyEffect reacts on the commands by deciding which effect they should have on the entity. If the validation fails we want to send back an error message. The reply can be a success or an error and that is the reason for using the StatusReply.

See all available effects in the Akka reference documentation new tab .

4. Add the event handler

From commands, the entity creates events that represent state changes. Aligning with the command handler above, the entity’s event handler reacts to events and updates the state. The events are continuously persisted to the Event Journal datastore, while the entity state is kept in memory. Other parts of the application may listen to the events. In case of a restart, the entity recovers its latest state by replaying the events from the Event Journal.

Notice that there are no decisions on events, they are applied without any checking.

Add the event handler as follows:

Java

src/main/java/shopping/cart/ShoppingCart.java

public final class ShoppingCart
    extends EventSourcedBehaviorWithEnforcedReplies<
        ShoppingCart.Command, ShoppingCart.Event, ShoppingCart.State> {
  // ...
  @Override
  public EventHandler<State, Event> eventHandler() {
    return newEventHandlerBuilder()
        .forAnyState()
        .onEvent(ItemAdded.class, (state, evt) -> state.updateItem(evt.itemId, evt.quantity))
        .build();
  }
}

Scala

src/main/scala/shopping/cart/ShoppingCart.scala

object ShoppingCart {

  /**
   * The current state held by the `EventSourcedBehavior`.
   */
  private def handleEvent(state: State, event: Event): State = {
    event match {
      case ItemAdded(_, itemId, quantity) =>
        state.updateItem(itemId, quantity)
    }
  }
}

5. Add initialization

To glue the command handler, event handler, and state together, we need some initialization code. Our code will distribute the Cart entities over nodes in the Akka Cluster with Cluster Sharding new tab , enable snapshots to reduce recovery time when the entity is started, and restart with backoff in the case of failure.

Java

src/main/java/shopping/cart/ShoppingCart.java

public final class ShoppingCart
    extends EventSourcedBehaviorWithEnforcedReplies<
        ShoppingCart.Command, ShoppingCart.Event, ShoppingCart.State> {
  static final EntityTypeKey<Command> ENTITY_KEY =
      EntityTypeKey.create(Command.class, "ShoppingCart");

  private final String cartId;

  public static void init(ActorSystem<?> system) {
    ClusterSharding.get(system)
        .init(
            Entity.of(
                ENTITY_KEY,
                entityContext -> { (1)
                  return ShoppingCart.create(entityContext.getEntityId());
                }));
  }

  public static Behavior<Command> create(String cartId) {
    return Behaviors.setup(
        ctx ->
            EventSourcedBehavior (2)
                .start(new ShoppingCart(cartId), ctx));
  }

  @Override
  public RetentionCriteria retentionCriteria() { (3)
    return RetentionCriteria.snapshotEvery(100, 3);
  }

  private ShoppingCart(String cartId) {
    super(
        PersistenceId.of(ENTITY_KEY.name(), cartId),
        SupervisorStrategy (4)
            .restartWithBackoff(Duration.ofMillis(200), Duration.ofSeconds(5), 0.1));
    this.cartId = cartId;
  }

  @Override
  public State emptyState() {
    return new State();
  }

}

1	The entities are distributed over the nodes in the Akka Cluster with Cluster Sharding.
2	An `EventSourcedBehavior` is created for the `ShoppingCart`.
3	Snapshotting is an optimization to reduce recovery when the entity is started.
4	Restarting with backoff in case of failures.

Scala

src/main/scala/shopping/cart/ShoppingCart.scala

object ShoppingCart {

  /**
   * The current state held by the `EventSourcedBehavior`.
   */
  val EntityKey: EntityTypeKey[Command] =
    EntityTypeKey[Command]("ShoppingCart")

  def init(system: ActorSystem[_]): Unit = {
    ClusterSharding(system).init(
      Entity(EntityKey)(entityContext => (1)
        ShoppingCart(entityContext.entityId)))
  }

  def apply(cartId: String): Behavior[Command] = {
    EventSourcedBehavior (2)
      .withEnforcedReplies[Command, Event, State](
        persistenceId = PersistenceId(EntityKey.name, cartId),
        emptyState = State.empty,
        commandHandler =
          (state, command) => handleCommand(cartId, state, command),
        eventHandler = (state, event) => handleEvent(state, event))
      .withRetention(
        RetentionCriteria.snapshotEvery(numberOfEvents = 100)
      ) (3)
      .onPersistFailure(
        SupervisorStrategy.restartWithBackoff(200.millis, 5.seconds, 0.1)
      ) (4)
  }
}

1	The entities are distributed over the nodes in the Akka Cluster with Cluster Sharding.
2	Command and event handler are defined with the `EventSourcedBehavior`.
3	Snapshotting is an optimization to reduce recovery when the entity is started.
4	Restarting with backoff in case of failures.

Then we need to call ShoppingCart.init from Main. Add the following before the gRPC ShoppingCartServer initialization:

Java

src/main/java/shopping/cart/Main.java:

ShoppingCart.init(system);

Scala

src/main/scala/shopping/cart/Main.scala:

ShoppingCart.init(system)

Verify that everything compiles with:

sbt compile

mvn compile

6. Unit testing

To test the ShoppingCart entity we can write a unit test using the EventSourcedBehaviorTestKit TestKitJunitResource.

A test for the AddItem command looks like this in src/test/scala/shopping/cart/ShoppingCartSpec.scala src/test/java/shopping/cart/ShoppingCartTest.java:

Java

src/test/java/shopping/cart/ShoppingCartTest.java:

package shopping.cart;

import static akka.persistence.testkit.javadsl.EventSourcedBehaviorTestKit.CommandResultWithReply;
import static org.junit.Assert.*;

import akka.actor.testkit.typed.javadsl.TestKitJunitResource;
import akka.pattern.StatusReply;
import akka.persistence.testkit.javadsl.EventSourcedBehaviorTestKit;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.ClassRule;
import org.junit.Test;

public class ShoppingCartTest {

  private static final String CART_ID = "testCart";

  @ClassRule
  public static final TestKitJunitResource testKit =
      new TestKitJunitResource(EventSourcedBehaviorTestKit.config());

  private EventSourcedBehaviorTestKit<ShoppingCart.Command, ShoppingCart.Event, ShoppingCart.State>
      eventSourcedTestKit =
          EventSourcedBehaviorTestKit.create(testKit.system(), ShoppingCart.create(CART_ID));

  @Before
  public void beforeEach() {
    eventSourcedTestKit.clear();
  }

  @Test
  public void addAnItemToCart() {
    CommandResultWithReply<
            ShoppingCart.Command,
            ShoppingCart.Event,
            ShoppingCart.State,
            StatusReply<ShoppingCart.Summary>>
        result =
            eventSourcedTestKit.runCommand(replyTo -> new ShoppingCart.AddItem("foo", 42, replyTo));
    assertTrue(result.reply().isSuccess());
    ShoppingCart.Summary summary = result.reply().getValue();
    assertEquals(1, summary.items().size());
    assertEquals(42, summary.items().get("foo").intValue());
    assertEquals(new ShoppingCart.ItemAdded(CART_ID, "foo", 42), result.event());
  }

  @Test
  public void rejectAlreadyAddedItem() {
    CommandResultWithReply<
            ShoppingCart.Command,
            ShoppingCart.Event,
            ShoppingCart.State,
            StatusReply<ShoppingCart.Summary>>
        result1 =
            eventSourcedTestKit.runCommand(replyTo -> new ShoppingCart.AddItem("foo", 42, replyTo));
    assertTrue(result1.reply().isSuccess());
    CommandResultWithReply<
            ShoppingCart.Command,
            ShoppingCart.Event,
            ShoppingCart.State,
            StatusReply<ShoppingCart.Summary>>
        result2 =
            eventSourcedTestKit.runCommand(replyTo -> new ShoppingCart.AddItem("foo", 42, replyTo));
    assertTrue(result2.reply().isError());
    assertTrue(result2.hasNoEvents());
  }
}

Scala

src/test/scala/shopping/cart/ShoppingCartSpec.scala

package shopping.cart

import akka.actor.testkit.typed.scaladsl.ScalaTestWithActorTestKit
import akka.pattern.StatusReply
import akka.persistence.testkit.scaladsl.EventSourcedBehaviorTestKit
import org.scalatest.BeforeAndAfterEach
import org.scalatest.wordspec.AnyWordSpecLike

object ShoppingCartSpec {
  val config = EventSourcedBehaviorTestKit.config

  def summary(items: Map[String, Int]) =
    ShoppingCart.Summary(items)
}

class ShoppingCartSpec
    extends ScalaTestWithActorTestKit(ShoppingCartSpec.config)
    with AnyWordSpecLike
    with BeforeAndAfterEach {

  import ShoppingCartSpec._

  private val cartId = "testCart"

  private val eventSourcedTestKit =
    EventSourcedBehaviorTestKit[
      ShoppingCart.Command,
      ShoppingCart.Event,
      ShoppingCart.State](system, ShoppingCart("testCart"))

  override protected def beforeEach(): Unit = {
    super.beforeEach()
    eventSourcedTestKit.clear()
  }

  "The Shopping Cart" should {

    "add item" in {
      val result1 =
        eventSourcedTestKit.runCommand[StatusReply[ShoppingCart.Summary]](
          replyTo => ShoppingCart.AddItem("foo", 42, replyTo))
      result1.reply should ===(StatusReply.Success(summary(Map("foo" -> 42))))
      result1.event should ===(ShoppingCart.ItemAdded(cartId, "foo", 42))
    }
  }

}

Run the test with:

sbt test

mvn test

You can learn more about the EventSourcedBehaviorTestKit TestKitJunitResource in the Akka reference documentation new tab

7. Send commands to the entities

We want to send commands to the entities from the gRPC service implementation. In the previous step, we wrote a dummy implementation of addItem in the ShoppingCartServiceImpl. We can now replace that and send ShoppingCart.AddItem commands from ShoppingCartServiceImpl:

Java

src/main/java/shopping/cart/ShoppingCartServiceImpl.java:

package shopping.cart;

import akka.actor.typed.ActorSystem;
import akka.cluster.sharding.typed.javadsl.ClusterSharding;
import akka.grpc.GrpcServiceException;
import io.grpc.Status;
import java.time.Duration;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.CompletionStage;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import shopping.cart.proto.*;

public final class ShoppingCartServiceImpl implements ShoppingCartService {

  private final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(getClass());

  private final Duration timeout;
  private final ClusterSharding sharding;

  public ShoppingCartServiceImpl(ActorSystem<?> system) {
    timeout = system.settings().config().getDuration("shopping-cart-service.ask-timeout");
    sharding = ClusterSharding.get(system);
  }

  @Override
  public CompletionStage<Cart> addItem(AddItemRequest in) {
    logger.info("addItem {} to cart {}", in.getItemId(), in.getCartId());
    var entityRef = sharding.entityRefFor(ShoppingCart.ENTITY_KEY, in.getCartId());
    CompletionStage<ShoppingCart.Summary> reply =
        entityRef.askWithStatus(
            replyTo -> new ShoppingCart.AddItem(in.getItemId(), in.getQuantity(), replyTo),
            timeout);
    var cart = reply.thenApply(ShoppingCartServiceImpl::toProtoCart);
    return convertError(cart);
  }

  private static Cart toProtoCart(ShoppingCart.Summary cart) {
    List<Item> protoItems =
        cart.items().entrySet().stream()
            .map(
                entry ->
                    Item.newBuilder()
                        .setItemId(entry.getKey())
                        .setQuantity(entry.getValue())
                        .build())
            .collect(Collectors.toList());

    return Cart.newBuilder().addAllItems(protoItems).build();
  }

  private static <T> CompletionStage<T> convertError(CompletionStage<T> response) {
    return response.exceptionally(
        ex -> {
          if (ex instanceof TimeoutException) {
            throw new GrpcServiceException(
                Status.UNAVAILABLE.withDescription("Operation timed out"));
          } else {
            throw new GrpcServiceException(
                Status.INVALID_ARGUMENT.withDescription(ex.getMessage()));
          }
        });
  }
}

Scala

src/main/scala/shopping/cart/ShoppingCartServiceImpl.scala:

package shopping.cart

import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException

import scala.concurrent.Future

import akka.actor.typed.ActorSystem
import akka.cluster.sharding.typed.scaladsl.ClusterSharding
import akka.grpc.GrpcServiceException
import akka.util.Timeout
import io.grpc.Status
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory

class ShoppingCartServiceImpl(system: ActorSystem[_])
    extends proto.ShoppingCartService {
  import system.executionContext

  private val logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(getClass)

  implicit private val timeout: Timeout =
    Timeout.create(
      system.settings.config.getDuration("shopping-cart-service.ask-timeout"))

  private val sharding = ClusterSharding(system)

  override def addItem(in: proto.AddItemRequest): Future[proto.Cart] = {
    logger.info("addItem {} to cart {}", in.itemId, in.cartId)
    val entityRef = sharding.entityRefFor(ShoppingCart.EntityKey, in.cartId)
    val reply: Future[ShoppingCart.Summary] =
      entityRef.askWithStatus(ShoppingCart.AddItem(in.itemId, in.quantity, _))
    val response = reply.map(cart => toProtoCart(cart))
    convertError(response)
  }

  private def toProtoCart(cart: ShoppingCart.Summary): proto.Cart = {
    proto.Cart(cart.items.iterator.map { case (itemId, quantity) =>
      proto.Item(itemId, quantity)
    }.toSeq)
  }

  private def convertError[T](response: Future[T]): Future[T] = {
    response.recoverWith {
      case _: TimeoutException =>
        Future.failed(
          new GrpcServiceException(
            Status.UNAVAILABLE.withDescription("Operation timed out")))
      case exc =>
        Future.failed(
          new GrpcServiceException(
            Status.INVALID_ARGUMENT.withDescription(exc.getMessage)))
    }
  }

}

If the command is successful, the entity will reply with StatusReply.Success with the updated ShoppingCart.Summary. If the validation in the entity fails it will reply with StatusReply.Error, which will fail the Future CompletionStage that is returned from askWithStatus.

Also, we added an ActorSystem parameter to the constructor of ShoppingCartServiceImpl. Edit Main to include the system as the parameter when creating a new instance of the ShoppingCartServiceImpl.

8. Configure Postgres

The events are stored in a PostgreSQL database and the template project includes configuration for that in the src/main/resources/persistence.conf file. We have to enable this configuration by including persistence.conf in application.conf:

include "persistence"

9. Run locally

To run the service, we first need to start the PostgreSQL to persist the events. Then we can run the service:

From the root project directory, run the following command:
```
docker-compose up -d
```
This command will build and run the containers. The -d flag starts the containers in detached mode. Containers started in detached mode exit when the root process used to run the container exits
Create the PostgreSQL tables from the SQL script located inside the ddl-scripts at the root of the project:
```
docker exec -i postgres-db psql -U shopping-cart -t < ddl-scripts/create_tables.sql
```
It creates all tables needed for Akka Persistence as well as the offset store table for Akka Projection.

Run the service with:

sbt -Dconfig.resource=local1.conf run

# make sure to compile before running exec:exec
mvn compile exec:exec -DAPP_CONFIG=local1.conf

9.1. Exercise the service

Use grpcurl to exercise the service:

Use grpcurl to add 3 socks to a cart:

grpcurl -d '{"cartId":"cart1", "itemId":"socks", "quantity":3}' -plaintext 127.0.0.1:8101 shoppingcart.ShoppingCartService.AddItem

Test the validation logic by trying to add the same item again, which should result in an error:

grpcurl -d '{"cartId":"cart1", "itemId":"socks", "quantity":5}' -plaintext 127.0.0.1:8101 shoppingcart.ShoppingCartService.AddItem

To verify that the events are actually saved, and the state can be recovered from the events you can stop the service with ctrl-c and then start it again.

Add 2 t-shirts to the same cart:

grpcurl -d '{"cartId":"cart1", "itemId":"t-shirt", "quantity":2}' -plaintext 127.0.0.1:8101 shoppingcart.ShoppingCartService.AddItem

The returned updated cart should still contain the 3 socks.

9.2. Exercise with multiple service instances

Another fun experiment is to start several instances of the service on different ports (2552, 2553) and then interact with different carts via the different gRPC servers (gRPC ports 8101, 8102, 8103). To do this, you can use the other provided configuration files:

In a new terminal, start a second instance with local configuration #2:

sbt -Dconfig.resource=local2.conf run

# make sure to compile before running exec:exec
mvn compile exec:exec -DAPP_CONFIG=local2.conf

Within another terminal, start a third instance with local configuration #3:

sbt -Dconfig.resource=local3.conf run

# make sure to compile before running exec:exec
mvn compile exec:exec -DAPP_CONFIG=local3.conf

9.3. Stop the service

When finished, stop the service with ctrl-c. Leave the PostgreSQL running for the next set of steps, or stop it with:

docker-compose stop

Section 4: Create the Event Sourced Cart entity

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1. Add commands and events

2. Add state map

3. Implement a command handler

4. Add the event handler

5. Add initialization

6. Unit testing

7. Send commands to the entities

8. Configure Postgres

9. Run locally

9.1. Exercise the service

9.2. Exercise with multiple service instances

9.3. Stop the service

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